[1] Gautret, P.; Lagier, J. C.; Parola, P.; Hoang, V. T.; Medded, L.; Mailhe, M.; Doudier, B.; Courjon, J.; Giordanengo, V.; Vieira, V. E.; Dupont, H. T.; Honore, S.; Colson, P.; Chabriere, E.; La Scola, B.; Rolain, J. M.; Brouqui, P.; Raoult, D. Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: preliminary results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. medRxiv 2020, DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.16.20037135.
[2] See at the URL: www.mediterranee-infection.com/wp-content/ uploads/2020/04/Abstract_Raoult_EarlyTrtCovid19_09042020_vD1v.pdf.
[3] Shim, E. South Korea experts recommend anti-HIV, anti-malaria drugs for COVID-19, UPI, 12 March 2020. See at the URL: www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2020/03/12/South-Korea-experts-recommend-anti-HIV-anti-malaria-drugs-for-COVID-19/6961584012321.
[4] Khalid, T. Bahrain among first countries to use Hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus, Al Arabiya English, 26 March 2020. See at the URL: https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2020/03/26/Bah- rain-one-of-the-first-countries-to-use-Hydroxychloroquine-to-treat-coronavirus.
[5] Zelenko, V. A Report on Successful Treatment of Coronavirus, March 23, 2020. See at the URL: http://archive.vn/2EbfJ.
[6] Schrezenmeier, E.; Dörner, T. Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2020, 16, 155–156.
[7] Agenzia italiana del farmaco, Determina 17 marzo 2020, Rimborsabilita' a carico del Servizio sanitario nazionale dei medicinali clorochina, idrossiclorochina, lopinavir/ritonavir, danuravir/cobicistat, darunavir, ritonavir per il trattamento anche in regime domiciliare dei pazienti affetti da infezione da SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19), Gazzetta Ufficiale Serie Generale n.69 del 17-03-2020.
[8] Cacopardo, B. S. In: D. De Luca, Farmaco contro la malaria per combattere il Covid-19? L’infettivologo Cacopardo: «I primi risultati sono buoni», Meridionews, 27 March, 2020. See at the URL: https://catania.meridionews.it/articolo/86513/il-farmaco-contro-la- malaria-per-curare-il-coronavirus-linfettivologo-cacopardo-i-primi-risultati-sono-buoni/.
[9] Surrey, A. R. 7-chloro-4-[5-(n-ethyl-n-2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-pent- yl] aminoquinoline, its acid addition salts, and method of preparation. US2546658A, 1950.
[10] Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Notification No.54/2015-2020, New Delhi, 25 March, 2020. See at the URL: https://dgft.gov.in/sites/default/files/notification%2054_0.pdf.
[11] Bangladesh Among 13 Nations To Get Anti-Malarial Drug From India, ndtv.com, April 12, 2020. See at the URL: www.ndtv.com/ india-news/coronavirus-us-spain-germany-in-indias-list-of-13-countries-to-export-hydroxychloroquine-2210477.
[12] Esper, R. B.; da Silva, R. S.; Oikawa, F. T. C.; Castro, M. M.; Razuk-Filho, A.; Junior, P. B. B.; Lotze, S. W.; da Rocha, C. N.; de Sá Cunha Filho, R.; de Oliveira, S. E. B.; Ribeiro, P. L.; Martins, V. C. V.; Bueno, F. S. B.; Esper, P. L. G.; Parrillo, E. F. Empirical treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for suspected cases of COVID-19 followed-up by telemedicine, Dropbox, 2020. See at the URL: www.dropbox.com/s/5qm58cd4fneeci2/2020.04.- 15%20journal%20manuscript%20final.pdf?dl=0.
[13] Savarino, A.; Boelaert, J. R.; Cassone, A.; Majori, G.; Cauda, R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today’s diseases? Lancet Infect. Dis. 2003, 3, 722–727.
[14] Vincent, M. J.; Bergeron, E.; Benjannet, S.; Erickson, B. R.; Rollin, P. E.; Ksiazek, T. G.; Seidah, N. G.; Nichol, S. T. Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virol. J. 2005, 2, 69.
[15] Wang, M.; Cao, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Shi, Z.; Hu, Z.; Zhong, W.; Xiao, G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell. Res. 2020, 30, 269–271.
[16] Andreani, J.; Le Bideau, M.; Duflot, I.; Jardot, P.; Rolland, C.; Boxberger, M.; Bou Khalil, J. Y.; Baudouin, J.-P.; Rolain, J.-M.; Colson, P.; La Scola, B.; Raoult, D. In vitro testing of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effect, mediterranee-infection.com 2020. See at the URL: www.mediterranee-infection.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/ 03/La-Scola-et-al-V1.pdf.
[17] Perinel, S.; Launay, M.; Botelho-Nevers, É.; Diconne, É.; Louf-Durier, A.; Lachand, R.; Murgier, M.; Page, D.; Vermesch, R.; Thierry, G.; Delavenne, X. Towards Optimization of Hydroxychloro- quine Dosing in Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020, ciaa394.
[18] Sermo, Sermo’s COVID-19 Real Time Barometer Study WAVE I: March 25-27, sermo.com, 2020. See at the URL: https://public-cdn.sermo.com/covid19/c8/be4e/4edbd4/dbd4ba4ac5a3b3d9a479f99cc5/wave-i-sermo-covid-19-global-analysis-final.pdf.
[19] Sermo, Sermo’s COVID-19 Real Time Barometer Study WAVE III: April 7-9, sermo.com, 2020. See at the URL: https://public-cdn.- sermo.com/covid19/dd/c7f7/f7344a/344a00427889ec27e2b8df1c15/w3-sermo-covid-19-barometer.pdf.
[20] Sandeep, S.; McGregor, K. Energetics Based Modeling of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin Binding to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S)Protein-ACE2 Complex. ChemRxiv 2020, DOI: 10.26434/ chemrxiv.12015792.
[21] Kuba, K.; Imai, Y.; Rao, S.; Gao, H.; Guo, F.; Guan, B.; Huan, Y.; Yang, P.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, W.; Bao, L.; Zhang, B.; Liu, G.; Wang, Z.; Chappell, M.; Liu, Y.; Zheng, D.; Leibbrandt, A.; Wada, T.; Slutsky, A. S.; Liu, D.; Qin, C.; Jiang, C.; Penninger, J. M. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus- induced lung injury. Nat. Med. 2005, 11, 875–879.
[22] Monteil, V.; Kwon, H.; Prado, P.; Hagelkrüys, A.; Wimmer, R. A.; Stahl, M.; Leopoldi, A.; Garreta, E.; del Pozo, C. H.; Prosper, F.; Romero, J. P.; Wirnsberger, G.; Zhang, H.; Slutsky, A. S.; Conder, R.; Montserrat, N.; Mirazimi, A.; Penninger, J. M. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2. Cell 2020, 181, 905.
[23] Zhou, D.; Dai, S.-M.; Tong, Q. COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect of hydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression. J. Antimicrob. Chemoth. 2020, 75, 1667–1670.
[24] Jang, C.-H.; Choi, J.-H.; Byun, M.-S.; Jue, D.-M. Chloroquine inhibits production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes/macrophages by different modes. Rheumatology 2006, 45, 703–710.
[25] Tisoncik, J. R.; Korth, M. J.; Simmons, C. P.; Farrar, J.; Martin, T. R.; Katze, M. G. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2012, 76, 16–32.
[26] Ye, Q.; Wang, B.; Mao, J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the ‘Cytokine Storm’ in COVID-19. J. Infect. 2020, 80, 607–613.
[27] Behrens, E. M.; Koretzky, G. A. Cytokine Storm Syndrome: Looking Toward the Precision Medicine Era. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017, 69, 1135–1143.
[28] Xu, X. L.; Han, M. F.; Li, T. T.; Sun, W.; Wang, D. S.; Fu, B. Q.; Zhou, Y. G.; Zheng, X. H.; Yang, Y.; Li, X. Y.; Zhang, X. H.; Pan, A. J.; Wei, H. M. Effective Treatment of Severe COVID-19 Patients with Tocilizumab. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020, 117, 10970–10975.
[29] Surrey, A. R.; Hammer, H. F. The Preparation of 7-Chloro-4-(4-(N- ethyl-N-β-hydroxyethylamino)-1-methylbutylamino)-quinoline and Related Compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 1814.
[30] Zhang, T. Y.; Zhong, B. Meeting the Potential Emergency Global Drug Supply Challenge of Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19. Med. Drug Discov. 2020, 5, 100036.
[31] An active pharmaceutical ingredients online database listed more than 100 hydroxychloroquine trade names as of late April 2020. See at the URL: https://drugs-about.com/ing/hydroxychloro- quine.html.
[32] Yu, E.; Mangunuru, H. P. R.; Telang, N. S.; Kong, C. J.; Verghese, J.; Gilliland III, S. E.; Ahmad, S.; Dominey, R. N.; Gupton, B. F. High-yielding continuous-flow synthesis of antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 583–592.
[33] Min, Y. S.; Cho, H.-S.; Mo, K. W. New preparation of hydroxy- chloroquine. WO2010027150A2.
[34] Seyd, M. cit. In: C. Cuordifede, "Nous constatons une guérison plus rapide": Moussa Seydi, le médecin sénégalais qui s'est inspiré des travaux de Didier Raoult, Marianne, April 1, 2020. See at the URL: www.marianne.net/monde/nous-constatons-une-guerison- plus-rapide-moussa-seydi-le-medecin-senegalais-qui-s-est-inspire?utm_medium=Social&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1587146397.
[35] Laskar, R. H. Covid-19: India approves supply of hydroxychloro- quine to 55 countries as commercial sales or grants, Hindustan Times, 16 April, 2020.
[36] Mehta, B.; Salmon, J.; Ibrahim, S. Potential Shortages of Hydroxy- chloroquine for Patients with Lupus During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Health Forum 2020, 1, e200438.
[37] van der Wal, M. A.; Scheele, F.; Schönrock-Adema, J.; Jaarsma, A. D. C.; Cohen-Schotanus, J. Leadership in the clinical workplace: what residents report to observe and supervisors report to display: an exploratory questionnaire study. BMC Med. Educ. 2015, 15, 195.
[38] de Souza, R. O. M. A.; Watts, P. Flow processing as a tool for API production in developing economies. J. Flow Chem. 2017, 7, 146–150.
[39] World Health Organization, Model List of Essential Medicines, 18th list, Geneva: 2013. See at the URL: www.who.int/medicines/- publications/essentialmedicines/18th_EML.pdf.
[40] Utomo, R. Y.; Ikawati, M.; Meiyanto, E. Revealing the Potency of Citrus and Galangal Constituents to Halt SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Preprints 2020, 2020030214 (DOI: 10.20944/preprints202003.- 0214.v1).
[41] Meneguzzo, F.; Ciriminna, R.; Zabini, F.; Pagliaro, M. Review of Evidence Available on Hesperidin-Rich Products as Potential Tools against COVID-19 and Hydrodynamic Cavitation-Based Extraction as a Method of Increasing Their Production. Processes 2020, 8, 549.
[42] Demma, P. D.; Ciriminna, R.; Pagliaro, M. Has the time come for preprints in chemistry? ACS Omega 2017, 2, 7923–7928.
[43] Pagliaro, M. Scientific Publishing Today: Education as the Key Enabler for the Transition to Open Science. Preprints 2019, 2019100057 (DOI: 10.20944/preprints201910.0057.v4). |