As the main species in the marine environment, Rhodotorula benthica contains abundant nutritions including proteins, vitamins and astaxanthin, which can improve the body's immune function and prevent disease and cure diseases. It would possess a wide range of applications and broad market prospects due to the particularity of its nutrition and metabolites and be commonly used in medicine, food, chemical, agricultural and environmental protection industries. Microbial cultivation of Rhodotorula benthica, an excellent strain to produce astaxanthin, was investigated to produce astaxanthin. The diversity, main characteristics, strains, the optimization of culture conditions, progress in fermentation and application to industry of Rhodotorula benthica were summarized.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) results from the acute occlusion of a coronary artery, most initiated by the rupture of a thin-cap fibro atheroma with subsequent formation of the occlusive thrombus at the rupture site. Its general symptom is chest pain with a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. AMI can be divided into NSTEMI and STEMI according to ECG. ST-segment elevation always accompanies with AMI in a severe mortality from 4% to 12%. European Society Of Cardiology (ESC) has recommended that percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred strategy to realize revascularization for STEMI patients, however, it is often hampered by incomplete microvascular myocardial reperfusion owing to distal embolization of thrombus. Time of door-to-balloon is another key limitation of rapid reperfusion. To address this problem, pharmacologic agents are increasingly used to emergent treat STEMI since their abilities to achieve rapid reperfusion within 12 h of symptom onset. According to the mechanism of thrombogenesis in the coronary artery, antiplatelet drugs and thrombolysis drugs have been widely applied in clinical therapy aiming to impede thrombosis and facilitating fibrinolysis. Antithrombotic drugs including aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor have been successfully applied in clinical practice. Fibrinolytic drugs such as streptokinase (first-generation), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its recombinant forms (alteplase, reteplase as second-generation, and tenecteplase as third-generation) are also used to treat STEMI. However, side effects such as hematencephalon and non-specificity remains still to be solved. Expanding thrombolytic agents from biological sources for providing safety and efficacy for fibrinolytic drugs is a persistence goal for scientists. Several natural precursors with fibrinolytic function are step into the stage of clinical trials including alfimeprase, desmoteplase, lumbrokinase, etc. For the further study, high-specific thrombolytic agents with a longer plasma half-life to meet clinical needs are expected to be designed by combining the advantages of existing thrombolytic enzyme with molecular biology techniques. Restraining of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is another innovative hot-spot for developing fibrinolytic agent.

As one kind of normal metabolic disease, diabetes' development is associated with insanity, dietes, environment gut microbiota, and so on. Gut microbiota recognize and monitor the development of diabetes by short chain fatty acids, low grade inflammatory, and level of short chain fatty acids. Dietes, obesity, exercise and extreme environment can also influence the number and diversity of gut microbiota. Probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation in turn contribute to the betterment of diabetes. In this paper, we summarize the relationship between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes and new ideas based on gut microbiota for the treatment of diabetes, providing a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

As a new type of material with application prospect in drug delivery system, DNA origami nanostructures (DONs) have showed unparalleled abilities on nanoparticle drug delivery. However, the subcellular distribution of DONs after entering cells remained unclarified. Herein, we studied the phagocytic rate of U87 cells on fluorescent triangular DNA origami and Cy5 labelled Gold nanoparticles (Cy5-AuNPs) after 24 h. Atomic force microscope, confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence analysis (four organelles) were used to characterize their morphology. We found that DONs distributed in late endosome and lysosome. Meanwhile, gold nanoparticles enter the cells from early endosome to late endosome, and then exit the cells through exocytosis. The results provide us the novel insight for the design and optimization of DNA triangular origami nanostructures vehicles for drug delivery.