Medicine Research

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1. Progress in Chemical Compositions and Pharmacological Activities of Althaea officinalis

Tao-Tao Xue, Hong-Bo Xu, Zhi-Shu Tang, Jin-Ao Duana, Hong-Bo Liu, Xin-Bo Shi, and Zhong-Xing Song

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (2): 210002-210002. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210002

摘要（643）

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Althaea officinalis (Malvaceae), mainly distributed in Europe and China, is an ornamental, edible and medicinal plant, which is effective in reducing cough and phlegm. To better develop and utilize A. officinalis, 46 kinds of compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acids, steroids, coumarins and other types isolated from this plant are summarized, and their pharmacological effects such as anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities are discussed in this review.

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2. Mechanism of Interaction between Phenolic Compounds and Proteins Based on Non-Covalent and Covalent Interactions

Qianqian Chu, Bin Bao, Wenhui Wu

Medicine Research 2018, 2 (3): 180014-. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20180014

摘要（842）

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Phenolic compounds are widely used in natural plant foods and have strong antioxidant properties, so they are widely used in food and medicine. The reaction between the phenolic compound and the protein can affect the functional properties of the protein, such as emulsifying properties, gel properties, solubility, thermal stability, and foaming properties. The mechanism of interaction between phenolic compounds and proteins are described from the aspects of non-covalent interaction and covalent interaction, and the characterization methods of the interaction mechanism between phenolic compounds and proteins are described. The indexes for characterizing the covalent bonding of phenolic compounds and proteins include the free amino group content, total sulfhydryl content, tryptophan content. Ninhydrin method, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) method, o-phthal- aldehyde (OPA) method and high-performance liquid phase chromatography were applied to o measure the free amino group content. Ellman’s method was applied to investigate total sulfhydryl content. Fluorescence measurements can be used for changes in tryptophan modification. The indexes for characterizing the con-covalent bonding of phenolic compounds and proteins include hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds and hydrophobicity of protein surface. Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds can be investigated by Gómez-Guillén’s method. ANS fluorescent probe method was applied to measure the changes of hydrophobicity of protein surface.

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3.

Progress in Terpenes from Genus Paeonia

Lei Sun, Chuihao Kong, Huan Zhao, Deling Wu, Fengqing Xu

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (3-4): 210011-210011. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210011

摘要（208）

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Paeonia is the single genus of ca. 35 known species in the family Paeoniaceae. Up to now, more than 185 terpenes have been isolated from root/root cortex, flowers and seeds of the genus Paeonia. Researches had focused on the following species, such as P. lactiflora, P. suffruticosa Andr, P. veitchii, P. labiflora, P. delavayi, P. rockii, P. emodi, P. peregrina, and P. japonica. In this paper, the terpenes of Paeonia were reviewed, which may provide more useful information for further development on this genus.

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4. Pharmacist Intervention with Computer-Based Alert System and Assessment of Prescription Errors for Outpatient in a Chinese Tertiary Hospital

Qing Shen, Yi-Meng Zhou, Jin Lv, Hua Yang, Yuan-yuan He, Yuan Bian, Yong Han

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (3-4): 210009-210009. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210009

摘要（147）

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Qualified prescribing is fundamental for appropriate use of medicine. Pharmacist interventions potentially remind physicians to cope with this issue. This study aimed to report interventions implemented by pharmacists with real-time computer-based alert system and evaluate the prescription errors for outpatients in a Chinese tertiary hospital. This retrospective, non-comparative study was implemented with an analysis of data collected from October to December in 2018 involved all clinical specialty departments in the hospital. Alerts were generated and displayed on pharmacist screen while prescribing inappropriately, then pharmacists chose certain operation and offered recommendations according to the alerts. Outcomes such as category and acceptance rate of pharmacist recommendations, prescription error types, prevalence rate, severity level and monthly tendency were documented, categorized and analyzed. In our study, 2.3% of prescriptions generated alerts, and incidence of pharmacist interventions was 0.19%. 431 prescription errors were prevented, with the overall acceptance rate of interventions accounted for 29.7%. Dosage or frequency problems ( n = 170, 39.5%), contraindications ( n = 79, 18.3%) and improper duration of pharmacotherapy ( n = 53, 12.3%) were the top three types of prescription errors. Monthly rate of errors decreased from 0.98 to 0.43 per 1000 prescriptions in the monitoring period. Pharmacist interventions with computer-based alert system were available for filtering part of invalid alerts and preventing prescription errors in our study.

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5.

Natural Products from the genus Daldinia and Their Bioactivities

Jing Li, Luohao Li, Runqing Zhu, Vuanghao Lim, Qianqian Sun, and Lizhen Fang

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (3-4): 210005-210005. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210005

摘要（280）

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Genus Daldinia is a unique source of natural products, which possess many pharmacological effects such as antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and so on. Recently, most studies of genus Daldinia were focused on D.eschscholzii, D.concentrica and D.sp. This paper covers nearly a decade of research on Daldinia, focusing on the chemical structures and related biological activities of the secondary metabolites produced.

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6. Oxaliplatin Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in T-leukemia Cells through Mitochondrial and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways

Mengcheng Li, Yongpeng Wang, Lei Tian, Afsar Khan, Yudan Wang, Yaping Liu, Meilian Yang, Jianxin Cao, Guiguang Cheng, and Tianrui Zhao

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (2): 210003-210003. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210003

摘要（285）

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Oxaliplatin (L-OHP) is a new platinum anticancer drug, which is used for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer or the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs) are invasive thymocytic malignant tumors with poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of L-OHP on human T-ALL cell lines MOLT-4, Jurkat, CCRF-CEM, and CEM/C1 cells. The CCK-8 method results showed that L-OHP significantly inhibited T-ALL cells proliferation. The inhibition of these T-ALL cells prolife by L-OHP seems to be related to the induction of cell cycle arrest. The effect of L-OHP on the cell cycle distribution of T-ALL cells varies with cell types. As to cells apoptosis, Annexin V/Propidium iodide assay disclosed that L-OHP prominently induced T-ALL cells apoptosis by activating the pathways of mitochondrial biogenesis and is more sensitive to MOLT-4 cells. Western blot analysis showed that L-OHP treatment could promote apoptosis through down-regulated Bcl-2 protein level, up-regulated Bax and caspase-9 proteins levels and cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MOLT-4 cells. Our results indicate that L-OHP, as a new type of platinum anticancer drug, may attract more attention in the future treatment of T-ALL.

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7. Progress in Skin Care Efficacy of Lactoferrin

Tong Xie, Wu Qiao, Tinghan Jia, and Ken Kaku

Medicine Research 2022, 6 (1-2): 210015-210015. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210015

摘要（354）

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Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein with a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, whitening, repairing skin damage caused by inflammation, immune regulation, and osteogenic activity. As a protein with great development potential, lactoferrin is widely used in the fields of food, medicine and cosmetics. The effect of lactoferrin on the skin is particularly prominent, and it has the potential to be used as a new raw material for skin care products. Researchers have reviewed biological activities of lactoferrin and its microbial mechanism of action. Therefore, this article focuses on the skin care efficacy of lactoferrin. This article reviews the latest research results of lactoferrin in skin care efficacy.

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8. Progress in Phytochemical and Bioactivities of Areca catechu L

Zhenshuai Tang, Jifeng Liu

Medicine Research 2022, 6 (3-4): 220004-220004. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20220004

摘要（251）

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Areca catechu L is a genus of plants whose leaves and fruits can be used as folk medicine. The chemical composition of A. catechu can be divided into alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, sterols, fatty acids, etc. It has pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidepressant, hypotensive, etc., while having toxic side effects such as oral toxicity, hepatotoxicity and addiction. This paper reviews the progress of research on chemical composition and pharmacological effects and toxic side effects of A. catechu, and provides new ideas for subsequent development of A. catechu.

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9. Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Aconitum episcopale

Xiaojing Shen, Hong Wang, Jiao Cai, Zhubin Zhou, and Fanqiu Nie

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (2): 210001-210001. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210001

摘要（193）

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Aconitum episcopale Levl., known as a characteristic Aconitum specie in China, is a perennial herbaceous plant classified into Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae), which mainly distributes in northwest Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan. As a commonly traditional Chinese medicine, the root of A. episcopale has been used to treat anemofrigid-damp arthralgia, arthralgia, cold hernia and anesthesia analgesia with the effects of expelling wind and removing damness, warming menstruation and relieving pain. It also is used for solving other Aconitums poisoning in folk. In order to obtain more information for research and development of A. episcopale, the chemical components and pharmacological research on A. episcopale were reviewed. It is beneficial for future research, development and utilization of Aconitum and search for traditional herbal resources.

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10. Magnesium Ion-Dependent Activation of Glucokinase in Simulated Cytoplasmic System in Vitro

Xinyi Pu, Boyu Chen, Xiaozhen Diao, Hui Han, Jinhua Hou, Jiudong Hu, Yuhuan Yang, Yuping Zhu, Wenhui Wu

Medicine Research 2023, 7 (3-4): 230011-230011. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20230011

摘要（91）

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Glucokinase (GK), as a key enzyme regulating carbohydrate metabolism, has been widely researched as a therapeutic target for diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the influence of magnesium ion concentration, ATP concentration, and enzyme concentration on the catalytic activity of GK by response surface. A cellular model of insulin resistance (IR) was established to observe the ameliorating effect of magnesium ion on IR by screening the concentration and duration of insulin action. The results indicated that the optimal concentrations for enzyme activity were found to be 1.1 mM for magnesium ion, 1.4 mM for ATP, and 0.5 U/mL for glucokinase. In the presence of taurine, the IR model was treated with magnesium ion (1.1 mM) can promote glucose consumption, GK activity and intracellular magnesium concentration in IR cells. Magnesium ion, as a key factor in GK-catalyzed glycolysis, showed a positive correlation between intracellular magnesium ions and the catalytic activity of GK within a certain concentration range. Therefore, magnesium ion could effectively promote carbohydrate metabolism and alleviate the progression of IR.

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11. Progress in Bioactivities of Phlorotannins from Sargassumi

Jiaoyang Li, Yuxin Wang, Ruihua Guo, Bin Bao, Wenhui Wu

Medicine Research 2018, 2 (1): 180001-5. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20180001

摘要（383）

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Bioactive components of marine species have received great attention in recent years, especially phlorotannins isolated from brown algae. This paper summarized progress in the structures and bioactivities of phlorotannins including antibacterial, antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, inhibiting HIV, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, defense activity, and deodorant activities.

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12. Surface Modification on Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Scaffold with Silk Fibroin

Jun Zhu, Jiejun Cheng, Juan Zhou, Gang Huang, Dannong He

Medicine Research DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20190006
预出版日期: 2019-07-18

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13.

Progress in Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt

Hui Fang, Shudan Zheng, Jifeng Liu

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (3-4): 210008-210008. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210008

摘要（344）

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Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is an annual herb of the genus Perilla in the labiaceae. Its leaves, stalks and fruits can be used as folk medicine. The chemical components in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt can be divided into volatile oil, terpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, glycosides, phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids, flavonoids and pigments, which have anti-allergy, antibacterial, hypolipidemia, antioxidation, antitumor, antitussive and antipyretic activities. In this paper, we reviewed research progress of chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Perilla frutescens to provide new ideas for subsequent development of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

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14. The Effect and Underlying Mechanism of Sleep Deprivation on Several Gastrointestinal Physiology and Diseases

Yi-Fan Li, Lu-Yu Niu, Jie-Fu Fan, Zhi-Chao Yao, Ling-Yun Shen, Yang-Kai Wang, Ying He

Medicine Research 2024, 8 (1): 230006-230006. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20230006

摘要（82）

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The incidence of sleep deprivation has increased significantly in contemporary society. Gastrointestinal diseases, one of the diseases with high incidence caused by sleep deprivation, are increasingly becoming a serious public health threat worldwide. However, confusion about underlying mechanism by which sleep deprivation exacerbates gastrointestinal dysfunction has always hindered people from carrying out effective clinical treatment. In this paper, we review the effects of sleep deprivation on four gastrointestinal physiology and further reveal the mechanism by which sleep deprivation exacerbates several gastrointestinal diseases, providing a new perspective for people to better understand and treat related diseases.

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15. An Update on Chemical Constituents from Nicotiana tabacum L. and Their Bioactivities from 2017 to 2020

Kuo Xu, Qian Liu, Lin Ni, Yong-Mei Du and Zhong-Feng Zhang

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (4): 200019-200019. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyigc20200019

摘要（303）

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^{Nicotiana tabacum} L., well known as tobacco, could be not only used for raw materials of producing cigarettes, but also as a folk Chinese herbal medicine. This paper offers a systematic review of newly reported compounds from N. tabacum over the past four years covering the literatures from the beginning of 2017 through the end of 2020 and describes their structural diversities and bioactivities. A total of 46 natural compounds and 42 references were updated and compiles in this review, which may be of interest to pharmacognosists and natural products chemists.

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16. Flavonoids Isolated from the genus Ficus and Their Biological Activities

Yaxian Zhao, Jing Niu, Qinru Zhou, Yan Chen, Shiquan Gan, Xiangchun Shen, Nenling Zhang

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (2): 210004-210004. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210004

摘要（470）

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There are about 1000 species in the genus Ficus and many can be used for medicinal purpose. The medicinal plants of this genus mainly contain terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and coumarins. In this paper, we summarized flavonoids isolated from the genus Ficus and their pharmacological effects including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, antiviral, protective activities on the cardiovascular system and other activities.

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17. Progress in Phytochemical and Bioactivities of Coffea arabica L.

Xiao-Jing Shen, Zhu-Bin Zhou, Fan-Qiu Nie, Cheng-Ting Zi, and Jiang-Ping Fan

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (3): 200012-. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200012

摘要（588）

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Coffea arabica L. is a famous specie in genus caffee for medicinal treatment and diet with wide distribution and rich resources. It contains rich alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes, which exhibited antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, live protection, and neuroprotective activities. Herein, we summarized the progress in the chemical constituents and bioactivities of C. arabica L. to provide ideas for medicinal development prospects of C. arabica L.

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18. Graphene Oxide-Silica Composite Fillers into the Experimental Dental Adhesives for Potential Therapy

Liu Mei, Hou Wei, Chen Wenjing, Hu Xiaokun

Medicine Research 2017, 1 (2): 42-46. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20170012

摘要（557）

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The aim of this study was to investigate the benefits of incorporation of graphene oxide-silica (GO@SiO₂) on the degree of conversion and bond strength of an experimental dental adhesive. The GO@SiO₂ nanocomposites were prepared and characterized by using FTIR, Raman and TEM. After that, GO@SiO₂ was added into an experimental dental bonding system as novel nanofiller, and the effect of the modification on the dispersion stability of the GO@SiO₂nanocomposites in the experimental adhesive was studied. In addition, the degree of conversion was characterized by real-time FTIR, and the light conversion kinetic curves were calculated. Furthermore, the bond strength of the experimental adhesive to dental restorative resin was investigated. The result showed that the GO@SiO₂ nanocomposites dispersed well in the experimental adhesive, and the introduction of GO@SiO₂ improved effectively the degree of conversion of the dental adhesive after curing. In addition, the experimental adhesive filled with GO@SiO₂ nanocomposites showed not only similar bond strength to a commercial adhesive, but also enhanced dramatically compressive strength as well. Furthermore, the obtained experimental dental adhesives can increase reactive oxygen species level in cells through photothermal conversion to be used in potential therapy.

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19. Study on Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities from Eucalyptus globulus

Shudan Zheng, Hui Fang, Jifeng Liu

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (3-4): 210007-210007. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210007

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Eucalyptus globulus ( E. globulus) is a tall timber tree of genus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), and it is mainly distributed in the southern and southwestern China. The dry fruits of E. globulus, called as ‘Yi-Kou-Zhong’ in Chinese, have been commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat in flammation, eczema, and influenza. Herein, we summarized the chemical constituents and bioactivities of the Eucalyptus globulus.

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20. Insights into the Structure of Human Blood Coagulation Factor Ⅹ

Quan Shen, Pengjie Tang, Ming Ma, Bin Bao

Medicine Research 2019, 3 (3): 190012-0. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20190012

摘要（166）

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The solution structure and function of human coagulation factor X (FX) were studied to understand the key structural elements of the enzyme form during activation. FX is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein, composed of light and heavy chains, and plays a central role in the coagulation cascade. The calcium-rich γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain is responsible for binding to the membrane, an important step in the coagulation process. After activation, the serine protease domain undergoes a significant relocation, forming a compact multidomain. The S1-specific pocket largely determines the functional activities that activate FX. The enzyme-producing form of FX is more extensive than the active form. The enzyme-producing and activated forms of FX have different conformations in the serine protease domain.

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21. Preparation of Ti Doped Nano-ZnO Dispersion and Their Application in Deodorization and Antibiosis

Lin Lin, Shuhong Wu, Xiaoyan Wu, Zheng Zhu, Yongxin Wu, Jun Zhu

Medicine Research 2022, 6 (3-4): 220003-220003. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20220003

摘要（167）

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To develop an effective deodorant and antibacterial agent, we prepare a Ti doped nano-ZnO through a low temperature hydrothermal route. The shape and size of these as-prepared samples can be tuned effectively by controlling the reaction conditions, such as the molar ratio of Ti/Zn. Furthermore, the sample with an appropriate portion of Ti and Zn is selected to obtain dispersion for improving sample activity and avoiding sample agglomeration. XRD, SEM, EDX and DLS are performed to characterize the structure and morphology of samples. Furthermore, the typical dispersion is used to remove odorous molecules and kill bacteria. The results show that polycarboxylic acid can be used to improve the dispersibility and stability of nanoparticles, and the well-dispersed dispersion is high effective for deodorization and antibiosis. Moreover, CCK-8 assays are performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dispersions with different size. The result reveals that dispersion with a smaller particle size displayed more serious toxicity. Thus, we suggest that the obtained dispersion can be used as a deodorant and antibacterial agent, but it is necessary to take precautions when handling the dispersion because the nanoparticles, special smaller nanoparticles is more likely to cause serious cytotoxicity.

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22. Stilbenoids from Leguminosae and their Bioactivities

Xinyu Lei, Qinru Zhou, Wenju Li, Guifang Qin, Xiangchun Shen, Nenling Zhang

Medicine Research 2019, 3 (4): 200004-. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200004

摘要（280）

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Stilbenoids, usually found in Leguminosae, are a class of compounds with the skeleton of stilbene or their polymers, existing mostly in the xylem of plants. Till now, one hundred and seventy-six stilbenoids have been isolated from plants of Leguminosae. Herein, stilbene compounds and their derivatives in Leguminosae and their biological activities including anti-neoplastic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation are reviewed.

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23. Antibacterial Activity of Extracellular Vesicles from Symbiotic Vaginal Lactobacilli

Lanxi Zheng, Kehai Liu*

Medicine Research 2023, 7 (1-2): 230003-230003. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20230003

摘要（158）

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Vaginal microorganisms, dominated by Lactobacillus spp., are an important defense against infections including pathogenic sexually transmitted infections. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized and endocytosed by tissue cells through specific interactions between membrane surface proteins, and thereafter deliver their molecular cargo. Bacteria can use their EVs to interact with neighboring bacteria and play an important role in the physiology and pathogenesis of cells. Herein, we investigated whether the bacteriostatic effect of Lactobacillus was mediated by extracellular vesicles released by these bacteria. L. gasseri-derived EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and loaded with metronidazole to observe their antibacterial activity. Our results showed that L. gasseri-derived EVs could effectively encapsulate drug, enhanced drug retardation, and had good biosafety. EVs and EVs-metronidazole have inhibitory effects on E. coli, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes, with the best inhibitory effect on L. monocytogenes. Together, our work provides a new potential strategy for vaginitis treatment.

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24. Recent Advances on Bioactivity of Seaweed Polysaccharides

Junwen Wang, Xueyan Li, Chaoyan Zhang

Medicine Research 2019, 3 (4): 200003-. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200003

摘要（527）

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Seaweed polysaccharide is an important active substance in seaweed with good gel property, stability, and film-forming properties. It possesses various biological activities such as anti-virus, anti-tumor, immune regulation, anti-oxidation, and is widely used in food, health care and cosmetics. This article reviews recent advances on biological activities of seaweed polysaccharides, with a view to better development and utilization of seaweed polysaccharides, and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of the seaweed polysaccharide industry.

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25. Applications of Simple Nanoparticle Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 in Bio-medicine

Zhaokun Zhang, Yan Xu, Kunfeng Zhao, Ying Zhang, Weijia Chen, Xiaodi Li, Yanxia Meng, Dicheng Yang, Ping Wang, Jun Zhu

Medicine Research 2019, 3 (3): 190008-0. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20190008

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26. Flavonoids, Phenylethanoids and Phenylpropanoids from Rhodiola rosea L. and Their Lipid-Lowering Activities on Receptor 5-HT _2A

Hao Wang, Ji-Lei Liang, Qing-Ming He, Guo-Hai Zhou, Cun-Fu Li, Ping-He Wei, and Hao-Yan Dong

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (4): 200018-200018. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200018

摘要（261）

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27. Progress in Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Broussonetia pa-pyrifera (L.) Vent

Fang Li, Tingyu Wen, Jifeng Liu

Medicine Research DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20190005
预出版日期: 2019-06-18

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28. Plant-Derived Kavalactones and Their Bioactivities

Nenling Zhang, Linjing Wu, Xiang Liu, Xiangchun Shen

Medicine Research 2018, 2 (1): 170019-3. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20170019

摘要（392）

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Kavalactones, mainly found in Piper methysticum, are a class of lactone compounds usually with an arylethylene-pyrone skeleton. Till now, fifty-one kavalactones have been isolated from the genera Piper, Alpinia, Amomum, Polygala, Goniothalamus, and Dumortiera. The bioactivities of six kavalactones, kawain, 7,8-dihydro- kawain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin, and desmethoxyyagonin, have been studied extensively. This review aims to give an overview of kavalactones in the plants and their various bioactivities.

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29. Augmented Reality in Drug Package: a Promising Strategy against Non-adherence in the Treatment of Tuberculosis

Dayse E. de Oliveira, Marcus V. N. de Souza, Wanise B. G. Barroso

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (1-2): 200007-200007. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200007

摘要（321）

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Augmented reality is a technology-based on an interaction between the virtual and real-world, mixing them and expanding their possibilities. This technology is currently used in the most varied areas of human knowledge. The use of augmented reality in drug package has excellent potential in several diseases and could be an indispensable tool, especially in diseases with low medication adherence. In this context, its application in tuberculosis treatment could be of great help, as this treatment presents two major issues: the long-term treatment time (six months) and its severe side effects resulting in its non-adherence to the treatment. In this article, we aim to address the problems related to tuberculosis treatment causing non-adherence by using augmented reality. Using a smartphone in the medicine packaging could gain valuable information making patients be aware of following the treatment until the end.

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30. Research Advances and Applications of Polysaccharide-Based Complex Hydrogels

Yuting Liu, Yunbo Ge, Chaoyan Zhang

Medicine Research 2023, 7 (1-2): 230005-230005. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20230005

摘要（134）

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This paper introduces research background of polysaccharide-based composite hydrogel materials, discusses definition, classification and preparation of hydrogels, and summarizes research progress of chitosan-based hydrogels, hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels, alginate-based hydrogels, starch-based hydrogels and cellulose-based hydrogels according to different types of polysaccharides. In addition, we summarize the applications of polysaccharide-based complex hydrogels in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. Finally, the development opportunities and challenges faced by polysaccharide-based complex hydrogels are summarized, and the future research directions are prospected, hoping to broaden their potential application fields.

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31. Progress in Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle

Shuyu Xu, Yin Qu, Xinyu Liu, Yao Li, Jimin Liu, Hezhong Jiang

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (1-2): 190014-190014. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20190014

摘要（338）

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Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle is known as Foshou fruit that can be used as Chinese medicinal materials and has a health and longevity effect. In recent years, investigations about the chemical compounds of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle have shown that its main compounds include flavonoids, essential oils, coumarins, and polysaccharides, with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity, effect on the autonomic nervous system, and other pharmacological effects. In this paper, the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of Citrus medica L. var. sarcodactylis Swingle are summarized.

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32. Recent Advances on Anticancer Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Maslinic Acid

Jin Li, Xiaomei Yang, Wei Jiang, Qianqian Hu, Xuanjun Wang, Huanhuan Xu

Medicine Research 2022, 6 (3-4): 220002-220002. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20220002

摘要（219）

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Cancer has become a serious public health concern that affects millions of individuals annually in the world. Surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been considered as the standard treatment strategies for different kinds of cancers. Among them, chemotherapeutic agents are usually used for the treatment of malignancies but toxic side effects and drug resistance limit their clinical efficacy. Natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants are excellent and reliable sources of new anticancer drugs. Maslinic acid is a naturally occurred pentacyclic triterpenoid with anticancer activities. This review mainly focuses on recent advances on anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of maslinic acid and will hopefully provide valuable insights into clinical application of maslinic acid to the treatment of cancers.

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33. Recent Advances on Anti-skin Cancer Activity of Phytochemicals and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms

Chunxia Gan, Chengting Zi, Jun Sheng, Xuanjun Wang, and Huanhuan Xu

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (2): 210006-210006.

摘要（278）

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Skin is the largest human organ, which always suffered from environmental stresses, as well as extrinsic and intrinsic noxious agents. Although skin can take different protective mechanisms to maintain balance, excessive stresses can disrupt these systems, resulting in the formation of skin cancers, including both melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Phytochemicals are biologically active compounds derived from plants and herbal products, which appear to be beneficial in the battle against cancer as they exhibit anti-cancer effects and are inexpensive, widely available, and well tolerated. Studies have demonstrated that phytochemicals can act on various cellular processes including cell cycle, apoptosis and redox metastasis to inhibit the development and progression of skin cancer. This article mainly focuses on the progress in anti-skin cancer activity of phytochemicals and underlying molecular mechanisms, which will hopefully provide valuable insights into clinical applications of phytochemicals for treatment of skin cancers.

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34. Progress in Synthetic Methodology of Coumarins

Sijin Hang, Yinan Wang, Ruilong Sheng, Ruihua Guo

Medicine Research 2022, 6 (3-4): 220005-220005. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20220005

摘要（162）

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The basic structure of coumarins contain a benzene ring and a pyrone ring, which drive their values on biological research and potential therapeutic properties. In recent years, the synthesis of coumarins and their derivatives have drawn much attention from organic chemists and medicinal chemists. Herein, we summarized recent advances on synthetic methodologies of coumarins from 2011 to 2021.

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35. Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019: Evidence, Possible Mode of Action and Industrial Supply

Mario Pagliaro, Francesco Meneguzzo

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (3): 200014-. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200014

摘要（440）

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Hydroxychloroquine, a known antiviral metabolite of chloroquine, is increasingly used along with antibiotic azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. In about one month, India, the world’s largest manufacturer, delivered the pharmaceutical ingredient for treating COVID-19 to over 50 countries. Coupled to azithromycin, the therapy is being used across the world both for patients staying at home at the early phase of symptoms, as well as for patients hospitalized. We summarize achievements as of late April 2020, review possible modes of action and suggest avenues for the quick scale-up of production of hydroxychloroquine.

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36. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Arenecarbaldehyde 2-Pyridinylhydrazone Derivatives

Alessandra Campbell Pinheiro, Sarah Sant’Anna Maranhão, Guilherme Graziany Camelo Carvalho, Augusto César Aragão Oliveira, Cláudia Pessoa, Thaís Cristina Mendonça Nogueira, Cristiane França da Costa, Marcus Vinícius Nora de Souza

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (4): 200016-200016. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200016

摘要（263）

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Fourteen arenecarbaldehyde 2-pyridinylhydrazone derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic potential against four cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The products were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS, and the cytotoxicity results were expressed as the concentration that induced 50% inhibition of cell growth (IC ₅₀) in μM. The most active compound was 2-pyridinecarbaldehyde 2-pyridinylhydrazone, with an IC50 value of 0.96 μM, which displayed potent and selective activity against the human prostate cancer cell line, PC3, similar to the antineoplastic drug doxorubicin.

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37. Chemical Research on Limonoids Isolated from the Fruits of Melia toosendan

Hao Wang, Hao-Yan Dong, Yan-Fang Liu, Yu-Xiang Ma, Wei Wang, Zhi-Mou Guo and Chao-Ran Wang

Medicine Research 2022, 6 (1-2): 210014-210014. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20210014

摘要（152）

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As the characteristic components from the fruits of Melia toosendan, limonoids attract continuous research interest for their chemistry and biodiversity, and their analogues are continuously obtained from this plant. Thus, limonoids isolated from the fruits of M. toosendan were investigated, classified and the biogenic metabolic pathway were supposed to provide more information for further research on the title plant.

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38. Physicochemical Properties and in vitro Digestion Characteristics of Polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula

Min Lei, Yuting Liu, Yunbo Ge, Chaoyan Zhang

Medicine Research 2023, 7 (1-2): 230004-230004. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20230004

摘要（124）

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Auricularia auricula polysaccharide (AAP) was extracted with ethanol of different concentrations (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%). Taking the yield, total sugar content, and uronic acid content as the indexes, the optimal alcohol precipitation concentration of AAP was 50%, and the polysaccharide content was 58.89%. In vitro digestion experiment showed that the content of reducing sugar in AAP was almost unchanged in the saliva and gastric juice digestion phase. However, the reducing sugar content of AAP increased from 0.062 mg/mL at 0.5 h to 1.162 mg/mL at 3 h during the intestinal juice digestion phase. In addition, in vitro antioxidant results showed that AAP still maintained high 2,2’-azido bis (3-ethyl benzothiazole line-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activity after digestion.

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39. Renoprotective Effect of Sulphate Polysaccharide from Brown Algae on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Renal Damage in Rats

Hui Huang, Junwen Wang, Xueyan Li, Wenhui Wu, Kejin Shi, and Chaoyan Zhang

Medicine Research 2020, 4 (1-2): 190010-190010. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20190010

摘要（170）

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The protective effect of the polysaccharides on ethylene glycol induced kidney impairment has been explored. Polysaccharides have been extracted from Sargassum graminifolium, which belongs to brown algae. Three different doses of polysaccharides were used for rats with kidney stones by ethylene glycol feeding. Then, urinary biochemistry parameters, renal function factors including blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) levels were detected. Besides, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in kidney tissue were elevated, which belong to proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, kidney histopathological sections were examined. The results illustrated that polysaccharides not only increased calcium level but also decreased oxalate, Scr, and BUN levels. In addition, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced. Moreover, renal micro-scopic analysis showed polysaccharides treatment alleviated observably calcium oxalate deposits in the kidney tissue. The results indicated that the renoprotective mechanism of SGP may be attributed to suppression of inflammation, reducing the growth of urinary stones and improving kidney function in vivo, which explained SGP through multiple ways to protect kidney cells from damaging of hyperoxaluria rats.

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40. Prodrug Systems (II): A Perspective of Polymer-Based Doxorubicin Prodrug Systems towards Chemotherapy

Zhao Wang, Filipe Olim, Jingjing Sun, Ana Rute Neves, Fátima Mendes, Helena Tomás, and Ruilong Sheng

Medicine Research 2021, 5 (1): 200023-200023. DOI: 10.21127/yaoyimr20200023

摘要（237）

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